ENDNOTES

(1) See Shinkichi Nagaoka, Nihon Shihonshugi Ronso no Gunzo (Intellectuals in the Debate over Japanese Capitalism, Kyoto : Minerva Shobo, 1984). As a representative work of Koza-Ha, see Moritaro Yamada, Nihon Shihonshugi Bunseki (Analysis in Japanese Capitalism, Tokyo : Iwanammi Shoten, 1934).

(2) Edward Thompson, "The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century," Past and Present 50 (1971) : 76-136 ; James Scott, The Moral Economy of the Peasant (New Haven : Yale University Press, 1976). Of course we intend to deal with the two theories as different, and we do not carry a comprehensive introduction of the two. As for the introduction of these theories in Japan, see Kazuhiko Kondo, "Minshu Undo, Seikatsu, Ishiki (Popular Movement, Life, Consciousness)," Shiso 630 (1976) : 54-77 ; Kanji Ikeda, "Moral Economy no Shatei (Perspectives of Moral Economy)," Shiso 773 (1988) : 175-201 ; Hiroyoshi Kano, "Nomin Kakumei no Seiji Keizaigaku (Political Economy of Peasant Revolution)," in Sekai Seiji no Kozo Hendo (Structural Transformation of World Politics), ed. Yoshikazu Sakamoto (Tokyo : Iwanami Shoten, 1994) : 87-148.

(3) See Hisao Otsuka, The Spirit of Capitalism (Tokyo : Iwanami Shoten, 1982).

(4) We define Homo Oeconomicus as those (a) aiming at maximizing profit with (b) economic rationality. It is Scott who points out the necessity of distinguishing these two criteria from each other. As for the interest in rural community, see Hisao Otsuka, Kyodotai no Kiso Riron (Basic Theory of Community, Tokyo : Iwanami Shoten, 1955). On the development of historical studies in Japan, see Naoki Odanaka, "Where have all the Revolutions Gone ?," Bollettino del 19 Secolo 4 (1995) : 72-81 ; Yasushi Yamanouchi, "Japan," in International Handbook of Historical Studies, ed. George Iggers (Westport : Greenwood Press, 1979) : 253-276.

(5) Thompson, "The Moral Economy," 78-79, 136. His non-economic explanation of the peasants' rationality is clearly shown in his Customs in Common (New York : The New Press, 1991), 11-12, 302, 340.

(6) Samuel Popkin, The Rational Peasant (Berkeley : University of California Press,1979). Thompson takes peasants to be consumers, and Scott analyzes them as producers.

(7) For example of Hikaku-Keizaishi-Gakuha's argument, see Hisao Otsuka et als., Seiyo Keizai Shi (Western Economic History, Tokyo : Chikuma Shobo, 1968). As for the criticism of the school, see Takeomi Ochi, Kindai Eikoku no Kigen (The Origin of Modern England, Kyoto : Minerva Shobo, 1966) ; Minoru Kawakita, Kogyoka no Rekishiteki Zentei (Historical Preconditions of Industrialization, Tokyo : Iwanami Shoten, 1983).

(8) See Masanori Nakamura, Kindai Nihon Jinushisei Shi Kenkyu (Studies in the History of Tenancy System in Modern Japan, Tokyo : Iwanami Shoten, 1979). What is more, the economic policy of Meiji era was anti-peasant. See Kaichiro Oishi, Jiyu Minken to Okuma-Matsukata Zaisei (The Liberal Democracy Movement and the Fiscal Policy by Okuma and Matsukata, Tokyo : Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1989).

(9) "Communal and patriarchal" character of prewar Japanese constitutional structure has been stressed by Japanese political scientists. See especially Masao Maruyama, Thought and Behavior in Modern Japanese Politics (London : Oxford University Press, 1963).

(10) For example, see Tomoo Matsuda, Doitsu Sihonshugi no Kiso Kenkyu (Basic Studies in German Capitalism, Tokyo : Iwanami Shoten, 1967).

(11) See especially Moriaki Araki, Bakuhan Taisei Shakai no Seiritsu to Kozo (Establishment and Structure of Feudal Society, Tokyo : Ochanomizu Shobo, 1954) ; Toshio Furushima, Nihon Nogyo Shi (Agricultural History of Japan, Tokyo : Iwanami Shoten, 1956).

(12) As for the criticism of the orthodox view, see Kichiji Nakamura, Nihon no Sonraku Kyodotai (Village Community in Japan, Tokyo : Nihon Hyoron Sha, 1957) ; Rin Abiko, "Kindai Sonraku to Kyodotaiteki Kosei (Modern Village and Communal Structure)," in Nihon Jinushisei to Kindai Sonraku (Land Property System and Modern Village in Japan), ed. Rin Abiko et als. (Tokyo : Sofu Sha, 1994) : 5-24.

(13) See especially Kohachiro Takahashi, Du feodalisme au capitalisme (Paris : Societe des Etudes Robespierristes, 1982). As for the historiography of French Revolution studies in Japan, see Michio Shibata. et als., "L'image de la revolution francaise au Japon," in L'image de la revolution francaise, vol.2, ed. Michel Vovelle (Paris : Pergamon Press, 1990) : 1260-1267.

(14) Osamu Yanagisawa, Doitsu Sangatsu Kakumei no Kenkyu (Studies in German March Revolution, Tokyo : Iwanami Shoten, 1974).

(15) Georges Lefebvre, Quatre-vingt-neuf (Paris : Maison du Livre Francais, 1939). As an example of works influenced by Lefebvre, see Michio Shibata, Babeuf no Inbo (Conspiration of Babeuf, Tokyo : Iwanami Shoten, 1968).

(16) For example, see Oishi, Jiyu Minken.

(17) Many works in this trend can be found in the journal Shakai Undo Shi (History of Social Movement, 10 Vols., 1972-1985).

(18) Kazuhiko Kondo, Tami no Moral (Moral of the People, Tokyo : Yamakawa Shuppansha, 1993).

(19) Toshiyuki Tsuneyuki, Shimin Kakumei zenya no Igirisu Shakai (English Society on the eve of Bourgeois Revolutions, Tokyo : Iwanami Shoten, 1990).

(20) Works of Yasumaru are gathered in Nihon no Kindaika to Minshu Shiso (Modernization and Popular Thoughts in Japan, Tokyo : Aoki Shoten , 1974). Works of Irokawa are gathered in his Chosakushu (Works, 5vols., Tokyo : Chikuma Shobo, 1995-1996).

(21) See section VIII of Thompson, "The Moral Economy."

(22) As for the German historical studies, see Koichiro Fujita, Kindai Doitsu Noson Shakai Keizai Shi (Social and Economic History of Modern Rural Germany, Tokyo : Mirai Sha, 1984). See also Kuniko Kaneko, "19 Seiki Doitsu ni okeru Nogyo Hokonin (Agricultural Servants in the Nineteenth-century Germany)," in Shijo to Chiiki (Market and Region), ed. Eiichi Akimoto et als. (Tokyo : Nihon Keizai Hyoron Sha, 1993) : 201-229. As for the Russian historical studies, see Eiichi Hizen, Doitsu to Russia (Germany and Russia, Tokyo : Mirai Sha, 1986).

(23) Katsumi Fukaya, "Toritate to Osukui (Demand and Protection)," in Nihon no Shakai Shi (Social History of Japan), vol.4, ed. Naohiro Asao et als. (Tokyo : Iwanami Shoten, 1986) : 117-152. As for the studies of Shitchi-Ukemodoshi, see Tatsuo Shirakawabe, "Kinsei Shitchi Ukemodoshi Kanko to Hyakushodaka Shoji (Custom of Recovery and Possession of the Right to Cultivate)," Rekishigaku Kenkyu 552 (1986) : 17-32, 45.

(24) Takashi Watanabe, Kinsei no Gono to Sonraku Kyodotai (Large Farmers and Village Community in Early-modern Era, Tokyo : Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1994) ; Id., "Kinsei Sonraku Kyodotai o Do Toraeruka (How to Understand the Village Community in Early-modern Era ?)," in Rekishi ni okeru Kazoku to Kyodotai (Family and Community in History), ed. Rekishi Kagaku Kyogi Kai (Tokyo : Aoki Shoten, 1992) : 367-89.

(25) Studies in southeastern Asian or Chinese community support their argument. For example, see Takashi Hatada, Chugoku Sonraku to Kyodotai Riron (Chinese Village and Community Theory, Tokyo : Iwanami Shoten, 1973) ; Masashi Hirosue, "Tonan Asia Zo (An Image of Southeastern Asia)," in Asia kara Kangaeru (Thinking from Asia), vol.1, ed. Yuzo Mizoguchi et als. (Tokyo : Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1993) : 77-104.

(26) As for the French Revolution studies, see Tadami Chizuka, Robespierre to Dollivier (Robespierre and Dollivier, Tokyo : Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1986). In the nineteen-seventies France, Albert Soboul and Anatolii Ado claimed once more that the peasant revolution was commercialization-oriented, but their argument was not adopted by Japanese historians. Albert Soboul, "Problemes agraires de la Revolution francaise," in Contributions a l'histoire paysanne de la revolution francaise, ed. Albert Soboul (Paris : Editions Sociales, 1977) : 9-43. As for the Russian Revolution studies, see especially Haruki Wada, Nomin Kakumei no Sekai (World of Peasant Revolution, Tokyo : Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai,1978).

(27) For example of this new trend, see Masahiro Inada, Nihon Kindai Shakai Seiritsuki no Minshu Undo (Popular Movement in the Formative era of Japanese Modern Society, Tokyo : Chikuma Shobo, 1990) ; Takao Tsurumaki, Kindaika to Dentoteki Minshu Sekai (Modernization and Traditional World of the People, Tokyo : Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1992). As for the criticism of them, see Hajime Imanishi, Kindai Nihon Seiritsuki no Minshu Undo (Popular Movement in the Formative era of Modern Japan, Tokyo : Kashiwa Shobo, 1991).

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